Twenty-six states license iron and steel contractors working on commercial properties. Eleven states require between two and five years of experience working under a licensed contractor. Alabama and Mississippi require completion of three contracted jobs. Thirteen states require no experience. On average, states require 525 days of education and experience, $368 in fees ($1,078 in Nevada), and about one exam. These high barriers give commercial iron/steel contractors the 23rd most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied.

Twenty-five states license drywall installation contractors working on commercial properties. Eleven states require between two and five years of experience working under a licensed contractor. Alabama and Mississippi require completion of three contracted jobs. Twelve states require no experience. On average, states require 517 days of education and experience, $365 in fees ($983 in Nevada), and one exam. These high barriers give commercial drywall installation contractors the 25th most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied.

Thirty states license drywall installation contractors working on residential properties. On average, states require over a year (368 days) of education and experience, $313 in fees, and about one exam. All in all, 16 states require at least one exam (California requires three). These requirements rank as the 42nd most burdensome.

All 50 states and D.C. require water well earth drillers to obtain licenses. On average, these laws require $356 in fees, over two years (837 days) of education and experience, and about two exams—the 13th most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied here. And because water well earth drillers are also licensed everywhere, the occupation is the third most widely and onerously licensed.

License requirements vary widely across states. While 41 states require education or experience, the time required ranges from one to over six years. The number of required exams also varies widely, from zero in four states to five in Utah. Fees follow a similar pattern: Arizona and Nevada require over $1,000, but Illinois, Michigan and Nebraska require $50 or less.

Two states license electrical helpers: Maine and Minnesota. Both states set only fee and minimum age requirements: $96 in fees and 16 years of age in Maine and $14 in fees and 17 years of age in Minnesota. These burdens are the 86th most onerous of the 102 occupations studied here. Also, because so few states license electrical helpers, the occupation ranks as the 95th most widely and onerously licensed.

All 50 states and D.C. require emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to obtain licenses. On average, these laws require $108 in fees, about a month (34 days) of education and experience, and two exams—the 74th most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied here. However, because EMTs are licensed everywhere, the occupation is the 15th most widely and onerously licensed.

License requirements are somewhat uniform across states. Every state has an age requirement (between 16 and 18 years), one or two exams, and education or experience requirements. (See Appendix B for details on education requirements.) However, fees range from $0 in North Carolina and Vermont to $235 in Oregon. Similarly, education and experience requirements can vary, from about 23 days in Missouri to over three times as much (about 81 days) in Kansas.

Ten states require a license to work as a farm labor contractor. On average, these laws cost farm labor contractors $173 in fees. Three states require exams, while every state requires a fee. These relatively low barriers give the farm labor contractor occupation the 95th most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied here. The occupation is the 79th most widely and onerously licensed.

Thirty-nine states require a license to work as a fire alarm installer. On average, these laws require $557 in fees, about two and a half years (915 days) of education and experience, and around two exams—the 10th most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied here. The occupation is the 18th most widely and onerously licensed.

License requirements vary widely across states. For example, Connecticut and Tennessee each require six years (2,190 days) of education or experience, but five states require no education or experience. Similarly, five states require four exams, but two require none. Fees also vary, from $0 in Kansas to $1,665 in Louisiana.

Forty-three states require commercial fishers to have a license. A fee is generally the only requirement for a license, except for in a handful of states that set a minimum age. Fees vary quite a bit, from $2 in Wisconsin to $500 in Montana and Nevada. In several states, license fees vary according to the type of fish being caught, the type of water being fished on (saltwater versus freshwater), the type of vessel being used, or the number and type of fishing tools being used (nets, traps, etc.). In such cases, when possible, the least restrictive options were observed. The average fee is $142, giving the occupation the 97th most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied here. However, because it is widely licensed, commercial fisher is the 30th most widely and onerously licensed occupation.

Twenty-two states license floor sander contractors working on commercial properties. Nine states require between two and five years of experience working under a licensed contractor. Alabama requires completion of three contracted jobs. Twelve states require no experience. On average, states require 485 days of education and experience, $359 in fees ($1,078 in Nevada), and one exam. These high barriers give commercial floor sander contractors the 32nd most burdensome requirements of the 102 occupations studied.